The discovery of bright yet stable pigments is vanishingly rare, making them hugely valuable. Now chemist Mas Subramanian is unpicking the atomic code of colour and homing in on our most-wanted hue
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The Extinction of the Alien Machines
An exploration of extinction events for technological civilizations, but also extinction events that may happen to alien machine civilizations.
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Fermi Paradox: Why Haven’t Aliens Colonized Earth?
A exploration of the question of with Earth being 4.6 billion years old, then why wasn’t earth colonized by an alien civilization?
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When Matter Goes Horribly Wrong
An exploration of various forms matter can take in the universe and how it can go horribly wrong.
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Fermi Paradox: The Potentially Extreme Danger of Mirror Life
Fermi paradox the potentially extreme danger of mirror life.
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New Solution to the Fermi Paradox Found. Scientists Hope They’re Wrong
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Some call it The Great Silence, others The Fermi Paradox.
For the last 60 years, we’ve had our eyes and ears glued to the cosmos looking and listening for some sign letting us know we’re not all alone in the galaxy. And the more we discover, the harder it is to believe we’re the only ones.
Think about this for a moment; there’s around 2 trillion [2,000,000,000,000 galaxies] galaxies in the observable universe. Each one of those galaxies have on average 100 million stars. Some supergiants have one hundred trillion stars, and our Milky Way Galaxy has between 100 to 400 billion stars alone. It is likely that there’s at least this many planets floating around all those stars, and complex planetary systems that may resemble our own Solar System.
It brings us to the big question: where is everyone, and why haven’t we been contacted by an extra-terrestrial civilization from even inside our own galaxy? There should be many advanced civilizations out there, and we should have heard something from someone by now.
There are quite a few possible explanations for the ‘Great Silence’, and some researchers think they may have found some answers to this so-called paradox.
5 Fermi Paradox Explanations I Love, 7 That Fall Flat
The Fermi Paradox asks why, in a vast and ancient universe, we see no signs of alien life. In this episode, we explore five explanations that make sense—and seven popular ones that, despite sounding good, fall flat under closer scrutiny.
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/ discord Credits: 5 Fermi Paradox Explanations I Love, 7 That Fall Flat Episode 502 / 721; May 31, 2025 Written, Produced & Narrated by: Isaac Arthur Graphics: Ken York YD Visual Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator 0:00 Intro 1:11 Space Is Too Big 4:46 Rare Earth 6:35 Aliens Signals Just Can’t Be Heard 10:09 Humans Are Boring 11:36 Dark Forest Theory 14:14 Interdiction Bubble Civilizations 16:49 Hermit Hypothesis 19:18 Aestivation Hypothesis and Extragalactic Migration 21:10 Transcendance, Ascension, and Extra-Universe Migration 22:33 Infinite Miniaturization 23:33 Berserkers & Zombie AI 24:53 Aliens Common But Unrecognizable 26:08 Simulation Hypothesis.
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Credits:
5 Fermi Paradox Explanations I Love, 7 That Fall Flat.
Episode 502 / 721; May 31, 2025
Written, Produced & Narrated by: Isaac Arthur.
Graphics: Ken York YD Visual.
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images.
Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator.
0:00 Intro.
1:11 Space Is Too Big.
4:46 Rare Earth.
6:35 Aliens Signals Just Can’t Be Heard.
10:09 Humans Are Boring.
11:36 Dark Forest Theory.
14:14 Interdiction Bubble Civilizations.
16:49 Hermit Hypothesis.
19:18 Aestivation Hypothesis and Extragalactic Migration.
21:10 Transcendance, Ascension, and Extra-Universe Migration.
22:33 Infinite Miniaturization.
23:33 Berserkers & Zombie AI
24:53 Aliens Common But Unrecognizable.
26:08 Simulation Hypothesis
The oncogenome of the domestic cat
Although cancer is a common cause of death in domestic cats, little is known about the range of cancer genes in cat tumors, and how this range might compare with the oncogenome in people.
Now, researchers in Science have sequenced cancer genes in 493 samples from 13 different types of feline cancer and matched healthy control tissue, gaining a clearer picture of the cat oncogenome and comparing the genes to known cancer-causing mutations in humans.
Cancer is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats. Because the mutational landscape of domestic cat tumors remains uncharacterized, we performed targeted sequencing of 493 feline tumor–normal tissue pairs from 13 tumor types, focusing on the feline orthologs of ~1000 human cancer genes. TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene, and the most recurrent copy number alterations were loss of PTEN or FAS or gain of MYC. By identifying 31 driver genes, mutational signatures, viral sequences, and tumor-predisposing germline variants, our study provides insight into the domestic cat oncogenome. We demonstrate key similarities with the human oncogenome, confirming the cat as a valuable model for comparative studies, and identify potentially actionable mutations, aligning with a “One Medicine” approach.
Is artificial general intelligence already here? A new case that today’s LLMs meet key tests
Will artificial intelligence ever be able to reason, learn, and solve problems at levels comparable to humans? Experts at the University of California San Diego believe the answer is yes—and that such artificial general intelligence has already arrived. This debate is tackled by four faculty members spanning humanities, social sciences, and data science in a recently published Comment invited by Nature.
Computer scientist Alan Turing first posed this question in his landmark 1950 paper, though he didn’t use the term artificial general intelligence (AGI). His “imitation game,” now known as the Turing Test, asked whether a machine could pass as human in text-based conversation with humans. Seventy-five years later, that future is here.
Over the past year, Associate Professor of Philosophy Eddy Keming Chen, Professor of Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Computer Science Mikhail Belkin, Associate Professor of Linguistics and Computer Science Leon Bergen, and Professor of Data Science, Philosophy and Policy David Danks engaged in extensive dialogue on this question. These discussions happened as another set of researchers at UC San Diego found in March 2025 that the large language model GPT-4.5 was judged to be human 73% of the time in a Turing test—much more often than actual humans.