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Category: health

Researchers trigger sleep’s restorative effect in parts of the awake brain

Scientists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have successfully replicated some of the restorative effects of deep sleep in awake mice by artificially inducing slow-wave brain activity. Using optogenetics to control specific neurons, researchers triggered localized cortical activity that mimics the NREM sleep phase responsible for synaptic homeostasis and the reorganization of neural connections. This targeted stimulation significantly reduced signs of fatigue and improved memory retention and cognitive performance in the mice following prolonged wakefulness. While the researchers caution that this technique is not a substitute for natural sleep, the findings suggest that localized neural stimulation can effectively preserve brain function during extended periods of wakefulness. Future research aims to explore whether similar cognitive benefits can be achieved in humans through non-invasive methods, such as transcranial electrical stimulation.

NIH-funded study in animals offers new details about how the brain resets during sleep.

By inducing specific patterns of activity in small portions of the brain in awake mice, researchers supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have triggered a recalibration of neural connections that normally only occurs during sleep. This new approach offset the effects of sleep deprivation in memory tasks and revealed features of sleep that are key to its restorative effect.

“What we’re essentially doing is forcing sleep in a local region of the brain. While that part is solidifying memories and restoring learning capacity, other parts stay aware/vigilant and connected to environment,” said corresponding author Chiara Cirelli, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Dolphins do something similar, sleeping with only one brain hemisphere at a time.”

Renin–angiotensin system: a novel target for brain health

Emerging evidence highlights the brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) as a key regulator of reward, memory, and stress. While these discoveries established the brain RAS as a promising therapeutic target for interventions in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, translational progress is hampered by the lack of an integrative mechanistic framework. Here, we consolidate accumulating evidence on the molecular and system-level roles of the brain RAS in reward, memory, and stress pathways, and its dual regulatory architecture. Pharmacological RAS modulation regulates domain-specific signaling in frontostriatal reward circuits, hippocampal–prefrontal memory networks, and frontolimbic fear networks. We evaluate the transdiagnostic therapeutic potential in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g.

Why this $10 spectrometer chip could bring real-time chemical sensing to wearables

Researchers from the University of Cambridge and GlitterinTech, a startup founded by the same research group, have unveiled a fundamentally new type of optical spectrometer that delivers laboratory-grade precision in a device small enough to be embedded in portable and wearable technologies. By rethinking how spectra are measured and processed, the team has demonstrated a spectrometer costing only around $10, operating at a centimeter scale, and capable of applications ranging from industrial quality control to real-time health care monitoring.

Optical spectrometers underpin countless technologies, from chemical analysis and manufacturing to environmental sensing and medicine. Yet shrinking these instruments has historically involved painful trade-offs: Miniaturized devices typically sacrifice bandwidth, resolution or accuracy, limiting them to rough identification rather than true metrological measurements. The newly reported convolutional spectrometer overcomes these barriers by introducing a conceptually elegant operating principle grounded in the convolution theorem, offering unprecedented performance metrics compared with existing dispersive, Fourier-transform and reconstructive spectrometers.

Major surgery may accelerate memory loss in 1 in 7 older adults

Going through surgery can take a significant toll on a patient’s physical health and capabilities, especially if they are elderly. A recent study found that the effects extend far beyond mobility and pain management, as the operation may also lead to a significant loss of overall cognitive sharpness.

Researchers tracked 560 adults over 70 with no signs of dementia for six years after major surgeries such as hip replacements and abdominal procedures, watching how their memory and thinking skills changed over time. They found that nearly 15% of participants experienced a sharp decline in memory and thinking abilities shortly after surgery, with their condition continuing to deteriorate over time.

The three biggest warning signs that made a person more likely to fall into a severe decline were: being older, having lower mental test scores before the surgery, and developing postoperative delirium, which is a mental state where a person has episodes of confusion and disordered thinking that can develop over hours or days after the surgery.

The Brain Health Accelerator Seeks to Revolutionize Neuroscience Research

For decades, researchers across institutions have peered into microscopes and dived into data to try to understand how diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affect the brain. While scientists have made many important insights into these conditions, breakthrough therapies to cure or even treat them remain out of reach.

To expedite understanding of and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, the Allen Institute launched the Brain Health accelerator. The project, announced today, is a global initiative that will leverage cutting-edge technology with the goal of improving modeling, therapeutic development, and the understanding of disease mechanisms. With funding support from the Allen Institute, the Bezos family, Amazon Web Services, the National Institutes of Health, EverythingALS, and other partners, the project financial contribution is $400 million.

One of the challenges in studying diseases in the human brain and identifying treatment strategies has been the scale and complexity of the organ. The brain consists of many distinct parts, and studying disease mechanisms requires samples from large numbers of individuals. Additionally, while technological advancements in transcriptomics, proteomics, neuroimaging, and AI have helped researchers study the brain in finer detail, researchers have not always integrated many of these approaches into the same project.

Early immunotherapy aids in treating potentially fatal fungal pneumonias in preclinical models

A new study led by researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center has shown that early administration of immunotherapy with standard antifungal treatment improved outcomes and largely alleviated immune system paralysis caused by fungal lung infections in preclinical models. These findings could herald new clinically relevant strategies for treating a variety of life-threatening invasive fungal pneumonias, which disproportionately affect immunocompromised cancer patients.

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was led by Sebastian Wurster, M.D., assistant professor, and Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, M.D., Ph.D., professor, both of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health.

“Despite an expanded arsenal of antifungal treatments, immune system dysfunction is still a major cause of failure when treating infections, with significantly high morbidity and mortality rates associated with pneumonias caused by opportunistic molds. There is an urgent need for adjunct immune-enhancing therapies to improve outcomes,” Kontoyiannis said. “Our research shows that adding an immune checkpoint inhibitor to antifungal treatments is helpful in experimental mold pneumonias, especially when given early.”

Severe obesity in human HFpEF alters contractile protein function and organization

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) causes substantial morbidity and mortality and has few effective therapies. Its phenotype has changed over time, with morbid obesity and metabolic defects supplanting hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. We reveal that cardiomyocytes from patients with severe obesity and HFpEF have very depressed contractile reserve, including reduced calcium-and length-stimulated tension, power, and myosin activation compared with less-obese HFpEF and nonfailing (NF) controls with or without obesity but similar to those with advanced HF and reduced ejection fraction. Myocyte defects correlate with body mass index and exercise hemodynamics in patients with HFpEF but not NF and appear reversible upon weight loss. Increased troponin I phosphorylation at threonine 181 occurs only in heart failure with obesity, contributing to sarcomere dysfunction.

Autism risk framework tracks genes, maternal factors and environment across 18,000 families

A new statistical framework developed by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Kaiser Permanente Northern California offers improved understanding of how genetics and environment contribute to autism risk.

Large-scale genetic studies have led to the development of genetic risk scores that estimate a person’s predisposition to diseases and health conditions based on their DNA profiles. The new framework allows researchers and clinicians to analyze these scores using family data and characterize the risk of conditions such as autism and other developmental conditions in children based on their own DNA, parental factors, and environmental influences such as maternal diet and lifestyle.

For their study published in Nature Genetics, the researchers analyzed more than 18,000 case-parent trios —autistic children and their parents—across diverse ancestral populations in the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge consortium and the Genes and Environment Autism Research Study.

Munk Debate on Gene Editing

On April 21, the Munk Debates convened a special debate about gene editing in Deerfield, Massachusetts for 650 students at Deerfield Academy.

Motion: Be it Resolved, let’s engineer better human beings.

About the Debate:
New powerful engineering technology is already being used to edit human embryos, curing diseases and repairing defective genes before a child is even born. Some welcome this new science as a powerful tool to enhance human intelligence, memory, appearance and physical health. Why wouldn’t we embrace a science that allows people to live longer, healthier, and happier lives? Others warn that this new technology will be used to create designer babies and a new class of genetically “enhanced” elites. It will undermine human dignity and autonomy, and risk unleashing new diseases into the human gene pool. Playing G-d with human nature, critics argue, will result in a dystopian nightmare of our own making.

About the Debaters:
Arguing in favour of the motion was the biophysicist, best-selling author, biotechnology entrepreneur, and the former director of the Program on Medicine, Technology and Society at UCLA School of Medicine, Gregory Stock. His debate partner was the internationally acclaimed strategic philosopher and pioneering transhumanist Max More. Arguing against the motion was the prominent American bioethicist Ezekiel Emanuel, Special Advisor to the Director General of the WHO and a former founding chair of the Department of Bioethics at the NIH. His debate partner was the award-winning educator, author, and Professor of Reproductive Science at University College London, Joyce Harper.

Life-changing benefits of hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia affirmed by 10-year study

Fewer serious complications. Fewer hospitalizations and blood transfusions. Better growth and development. And a markedly lower risk of death from the complications of sickle cell anemia.

These are the benefits documented from 10 years of continuous hydroxyurea treatment provided in the NOHARM trial to a group of young children in Uganda, which has one of the world’s largest number of people living with the painful disorder known for causing sickle-shaped red blood cells. These improved outcomes were highlighted May 27, 2026, in a report published by the New England Journal of Medicine.

Russell Ware, MD, Ph.D., director of the Division of Hematology and the Global Health Center at Cincinnati Children’s, was the lead author of the report. He has been working for years with researchers and clinicians across sub-Saharan Africa to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of low-cost hydroxyurea treatments.

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