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Category: health

People use the same neurons to see and imagine objects, study shows

Why can images of things we have seen seem so real when we later recall them from memory? A new study led by Cedars-Sinai Health Sciences University investigators sheds light on the answer. The research shows that the same brain neurons are activated when we imagine something and when we perceive something. The research, led by Cedars-Sinai, is the first to provide a detailed understanding of the shared mechanism that underlies visual perception and creation of mental images in the human brain. It was published in the journal Science.

“We generate a mental image of an object that we have seen before by reactivating the brain cells we used to see it in the first place,” said Ueli Rutishauser, Ph.D., director of the Center for Neural Science and Medicine and professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology and Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai Health Sciences University, and the study’s joint senior author.

“Our study revealed the code that we use to re-create the images.”

How surface chemistry impacts the performance of malaria nets

Insecticide-treated bed nets remain one of the most effective tools in malaria prevention, acting both as a physical barrier and as an insecticidal surface that kills or disables mosquitoes before they can transmit disease. New research by a multidisciplinary research team from the University of Liverpool and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) uses surface science to assess how well malaria nets perform.

Published in Science Advances, the focus of the study was the phasing out of PFAS coatings, a group of synthetic fluorinated coating chemicals that have been valued for stability and performance. However, their environmental persistence and potential health risks have made their removal an important priority. The paper is titled “Multimodal platform for ITN efficacy: Surface chemistry, bioavailability, and mosquito behavior.”

To understand the impact of removing PFAS, the team developed a novel multimodal evaluation platform combining chemical analysis, advanced surface imaging, and mosquito behavioral tracking.

Without the right tests, the best medicines make no difference

A new analysis from UC San Francisco argues that diagnostics—medical tests that match patients to the appropriate treatment—are being overlooked both in the United States and around the world. This is slowing progress against major diseases, despite rapid advances in targeted therapies and precision health.

The authors note that nearly half of the world’s population lacks adequate access to diagnostics. These tests receive less investment for research and development, as well as lower insurance reimbursement than drugs, and this is creating barriers to innovation.

“Most people can easily understand how a new drug or surgery might help a patient,” said Kathryn Phillips, Ph.D., a professor of Health Economics in the School of Pharmacy at UC San Francisco and the lead author of the study, which appears in Science. “But the tests that guide medical decisions are just as critical.”

Little-used cholesterol test could prevent more heart attacks and strokes

A routine blood test taken by millions in the U.S. each year to measure “bad” cholesterol is not the best measure to guide treatment and prevent heart attacks and strokes, suggests a new Northwestern Medicine study published in JAMA. The study found that another blood test called apolipoprotein B (apoB) outperformed LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in guiding cholesterol-lowering therapy, such as taking statins and other medications.

“We found that apoB testing to intensify cholesterol-lowering medication would prevent more heart attacks and strokes than current practice, and that these health benefits were achieved at a cost that represents good value for U.S. health care payers,” said study lead author Ciaran Kohli-Lynch, assistant professor of preventive medicine in the division of epidemiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

According to Kohli-Lynch, this is the first comprehensive study to show that using apoB testing to guide cholesterol-lowering treatment is cost-effective.

A ‘stemness checkpoint’ helps control stem cell identity

A study published in Cell Research advances a central idea in stem cell biology by identifying a checkpoint that controls the identity of many different types of stem cells across developmental stages. For nearly two decades, scientists have understood that stem cell self-renewal depends on blocking differentiation signals—a concept described in earlier work, including Qi-Long Ying and Austin Smith’s 2008 Nature paper titled “The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal.”

Now, researchers from the labs of Ying at USC and Guang Hu at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), have identified the protein GSK3α as a “stemness checkpoint” that drives differentiation and that can be inhibited to maintain stem cell identity.

This discovery introduces a new conceptual framework: Rather than viewing stem cell maintenance as the result of many unrelated signaling conditions, distinct stem cell types share common checkpoints.

Microsoft rolls out fix for broken Windows Start Menu search

Microsoft has pushed a server-side fix for a known issue that broke the Windows Start Menu search feature on some Windows 11 23H2 devices.

In a Windows release health update (WI1273488) seen by BleepingComputer, Microsoft said these problems have affected only a small number of users since April 6 and are caused by a server-side Bing update aimed at improving search performance.

While the company says these problems are recent, there have been reports of similar issues surfacing online for months, including claims that the Start Menu displays blank search results that are still clickable.

Abstract: Detailing the effects of a new therapeutic tuberculosis vaccine!

https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI196648 In this Research Article, Styliani Karanika & team report on an intranasal DNA vaccine that accelerates TB cure and achieves better outcomes than standard or drug-resistant regimens alone in preclinical models.

The figure shows mouse lungs with therapeutic intranasal Mip3a/relMt b fusion immunization, revealing local dendritic cell infiltration and enhanced colocalization with T cells.

1Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Division of Hematological Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

New genetic risk score better predicts diabetes, obesity and downstream complications

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are metabolic conditions with many causes, including overlapping and distinct genetic features. A polygenic risk score (PRS) can capture multiple genetic risk factors to provide an estimate for whether a person may develop a complex medical condition and how they might fare long-term.

Building stronger genetic risk scores By integrating genetic findings from several of the world’s largest biobanks, investigators from Mass General Brigham built metabolic PRSs for predicting obesity and T2D, which outperformed existing disease-prediction models and predicted downstream morbidity and clinical interventions. Findings are published in Cell Metabolism.

“Our intention was to not only capture the risk of being diagnosed with obesity or diabetes, but also to better predict health consequences across the life course by integrating many aspects of metabolic function,” said co-first author Min Seo Kim, MD, MSc.

Effects of Exercise and Intensive Vascular Risk Reduction on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

In this multicenter randomized clinical trial, 24 months of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise, intensive pharmacological reduction of blood pressure and serum LDL cholesterol, or the combination of these interventions did not significantly improve global cognitive function compared to usual care in older adults with hypertension and either family history of dementia or subjective cognitive decline.

Exercise and intensive vascular risk reduction each improved cardiovascular parameters, but no group differences were observed for changes in the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite or NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery scores.

Question Can exercise, intensive pharmacological reduction of blood pressure (BP) and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or the combination of these interventions improve cognitive function in older adults with family history of dementia and/or self-reported subjective cognitive decline?

Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 513 participants, moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise training, intensive pharmacological lowering of BP and serum LDL-C, or both did not result in statistically significant differences in improvements in global cognitive function over 24 months.

Meaning The findings do not provide evidence in support of exercise, intensive reduction of BP and serum LDL-C, or both for improving cognitive function in older adults with family history of dementia and/or self-reported subjective cognitive decline.

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