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Category: chemistry

Nanobody repairs misfolded CFTR inside cells, boosting function in cystic fibrosis

A tiny antibody component could fundamentally transform the treatment of cystic fibrosis: For the first time, researchers have succeeded in developing a so-called nanobody that penetrates directly into human cells and can repair the chloride channel most commonly affected in cystic fibrosis. The innovative therapeutic approach was developed in collaboration between teams from Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP). The results have now been published in the journal Nature Chemical Biology.

The clinical picture of cystic fibrosis—also known as CF—is caused by genetic defects in the so-called CFTR channel. This channel regulates water and salt transport in the lung mucosa and ensures the production of sufficiently fluid mucus. In about 90% of cystic fibrosis patients, a mutation known as F508del is present in the CFTR channel, meaning that a single amino acid is missing at position 508 in its protein chain. This change causes CFTR to fold incorrectly and break down prematurely inside the cell, rather than functioning as a channel in the cell membrane of the airways.

As a result, patients have thick mucus in their lungs, and pathogens can no longer be effectively cleared. The consequence is chronic infection and inflammation of the airways, leading to a progressive loss of lung function—in the worst-case scenario, this necessitates a lung transplant.

Platinum-free catalyst splits hydrogen from water for energy, running 1,000 hours at industry standards

Using a renewable energy source has multiple benefits, including reducing harmful emissions and dependence on fossil fuels while increasing efficiency. But many renewable energy sources have a higher cost than fossil fuels due to the materials needed to make them usable, such as platinum group metals (PGMs), and the high cost of storage.

A team of researchers led by Gang Wu, a professor of energy, environmental and chemical engineering at the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis is working to change that. The team is creating a heterostructure catalyst for an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from renewable sources. They created the catalyst with two phosphides that gave them an efficient method to extract hydrogen, a valuable yet low-cost source of zero-emissions fuel. The study is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Wu’s team has been looking for alternatives to catalysts that use expensive platinum group metals. In this research, their idea began with using sunlight, wind or water to create electricity that they could then use to separate hydrogen from water.

Two bacteria join forces to turn chemical signals into electricity, opening up low-cost sensing options

Bacterial sensors usually rely on emitting light to transfer information about what they’re sensing, but that method isn’t practical in many settings. That’s why most information transmission is done via electricity. And while electricity-emitting bacteria exist, manipulating them into useful sensors has been quite challenging. Rice University professor Caroline Ajo-Franklin’s group, working in collaboration with researchers from Tufts University and Baylor College of Medicine, recently developed a flexible bioelectrical sensor system called electroactive co-culture sensing system (e-COSENS). The study is published in Nature Biotechnology.

“Bioelectrical sensing is by no means a new concept,” said Ajo-Franklin, the Ralph and Dorothy Looney Professor of Biosciences and corresponding author on this paper. “But e-COSENS is the first system that allows us to easily engineer bioelectronic sensors in a modular manner, like assembling Legos, allowing us to potentially use them to monitor everything from human health to environmental contaminants.”

Bioelectrical sensing requires bacteria that produce electricity and are easy for researchers to manipulate to respond to different substances. Ideally, the bacteria would be able to live in a variety of different places so that the system could be used in environments ranging from rivers to milk.

AI turns plain-language prompts into lab-ready recipes for novel materials

Advances in artificial intelligence promise to help chemical engineers discover complex new materials. These materials could be used for reactions such as turning carbon dioxide into fuel, but technical barriers have limited catalysis adoption so far. Researchers at the University of Rochester are now harnessing the benefits of large language models (LLMs) similar to ChatGPT, Claude, or Gemini to empower more researchers to use AI to discover new materials and accelerate experiment workflows.

In a study published in ACS Central Science, a team led by Marc Porosoff, an associate professor in the Department of Chemical and Sustainability Engineering, and Andrew White, visiting associate professor and the cofounder and chief technology officer of Edison Scientific, describes an AI based–method they developed that allows users to input natural language prompts about the materials they want to create and suggest optimal procedures for experiments to produce them. As the users run the experiments, they input the results back into the AI model and continue iterating until they reach their goal.

“We’re able to leverage the pre-trained knowledge of large language models and well-established statistical methods for materials discovery to help us as researchers navigate large experimental design spaces more efficiently,” says Porosoff.

AI and the mysteries of reality

Does AI have the potential to uncover the mysteries of reality, or does it lack the capacity for genuine discovery?

With the 2024 Nobel Prizes for physics and chemistry both awarded for AI-related science, claims that AI will soon make novel scientific breakthroughs on its own are growing louder.

Start-ups are already attempting to create “The AI Scientist,” and researchers at Imperial College argue AI will “usher in a new age of discovery to rival the golden age of the scientific method.” But critics argue the scientific capability of AI remains unknown.

Join computer scientist Roman Yampolskiy, philosopher Steve Fuller, and co-curator of “AI: More than Human” Suzanne Livingston to debate what AI can and can’t do for science.

Tap here to watch now.

The 2024 Nobel Prizes for physics and chemistry were both won for AI-related science, leading some to claim that AI will soon be making novel scientific discoveries on its own. Start-ups are already attempting to create “The AI Scientist,” which will one day “fully automate scientific discovery.” And researchers at Imperial College argue AI will.

Continue reading “AI and the mysteries of reality” | >

New laser method gives insight into radioactive atomic nuclei

By directing pulses of laser light at atoms, researchers can study how radioactive elements decay in a matter of seconds. The method is described in a new thesis from the University of Gothenburg, which shows that the atomic nuclei of the elements neptunium and fermium are shaped like rugby balls.

Actinides are a group of elements at the bottom of the periodic table. They have a high density, are radioactive, and several of them only exist for a few seconds before they decay. Only four of the 14 elements in this group occur naturally on Earth. The others can be produced in an accelerator, but only in very small quantities. Uranium is the best-known actinide, but a new thesis from the University of Gothenburg focuses on neptunium and fermium.

Fields as Formal Causes, with David Bentley Hart

In this conversation, Rupert Sheldrake and David Bentley Hart delve into the concept of fields in physics, discussing their nature as non-material formative causes and their historical context in scientific thought. They explore the idea that fields, such as gravitational and electromagnetic, act as top-down causes, aligning with Aristotle’s formal and final causes, and argue for a re-evaluation of these ancient concepts in modern science.

Chapter List:

00:00 — Introduction.
01:14 — Exploring Fields as Causes in Nature.
02:08 — Magnetic Fields and Formative Processes.
04:19 — Gravitational Fields and Formative Effects.
06:10 — Aristotle’s Formal and Final Causes.
07:32 — Challenges in Understanding Fields.
09:09 — Fields as Top-Down Causes.
10:34 — Morphic Fields and Formative Causation.
12:23 — Information Theory vs. Form.
14:15 — Fields and Order in Physics.
17:15 — Semantic and Syntactic Information.
18:18 — Universal Gravitational Field.
19:44 — Strong and Weak Nuclear Fields.
21:18 — History of Field Theory and Ether.
23:14 — Gilbert’s Magnetic Theory.
24:46 — Mind-like Structure in Nature.
25:39 — Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theories.
27:07 — Mechanistic Models and Their Limitations.
28:52 — Recovering Aristotelian Causality.
31:39 — Conclusion and Reflection on Fields as Modern Souls.

—
Dr Rupert Sheldrake, PhD, is a biologist and author best known for his hypothesis of morphic resonance. At Cambridge University, as a Fellow of Clare College, he was Director of Studies in biochemistry and cell biology. As the Rosenheim Research Fellow of the Royal Society, he carried out research on the development of plants and the ageing of cells, and together with Philip Rubery discovered the mechanism of polar auxin transport. In India, he was Principal Plant Physiologist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, where he helped develop new cropping systems now widely used by farmers. He is the author of more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals and his research contributions have been widely recognized by the academic community, earning him a notable h-index for numerous citations. On ResearchGate his Research Interest Score puts him among the top 4% of scientists.

https://www.sheldrake.org

‘Interstellar glaciers’: NASA’s SPHEREx maps vast galactic ice regions

NASA’s SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer) mission has mapped interstellar ice at an unprecedented scale. Covering regions in our Milky Way galaxy more than 600 light-years across, the ice was found inside giant molecular clouds—vast regions of gas and dust where dense clumps of matter collapse under gravity, giving birth to stars. A study describing these findings was published Wednesday in The Astrophysical Journal.

One of SPHEREx’s main goals is to map the chemical signatures of various types of interstellar ice. This ice includes molecules like water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which are vital to the chemistry that allows life to develop. Researchers believe these ice reservoirs, attached to the surfaces of tiny dust grains, are where most of the universe’s water is formed and stored. The water in Earth’s oceans —and the ices in comets and on other planets and moons in our galaxy—originates from these regions.

“These vast frozen complexes are like ‘interstellar glaciers’ that could deliver a massive water supply to new solar systems that will be born in the region,” said study co-author Phil Korngut, the instrument scientist for SPHEREx at Caltech in Pasadena, California. “It’s a profound idea that we are looking at a map of material that could rain on nascent planets and potentially support future life.”

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