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Archive for the ‘chemistry’ category

Oct 9, 2024

Scientists develop revolutionary material that could unlock next-level efficiency for existing engines: ‘It opens the door for new possibilities’

Posted by in categories: chemistry, energy, sustainability, transportation

Hydrogen fuel, which produces no heat-trapping air pollution at the point of use, could be the future of clean energy. But first, some of the technology around still has to be improved, and researchers at the University of Alberta believe they have made an important step in that direction, AL Circle reported.

The breakthrough out of the University of Alberta is a new alloy material — dubbed AlCrTiVNi5 — that consists of metals such as aluminum and nickel. The alloy has great potential for coating surfaces that have to endure extremely high temperatures, such as gas turbines, power stations, airplane engines, and hydrogen combustion engines.

Continue reading “Scientists develop revolutionary material that could unlock next-level efficiency for existing engines: ‘It opens the door for new possibilities’” »

Oct 9, 2024

Rewriting Earth’s History: New Research Reveals That Early Life More Complex Than Imagined

Posted by in categories: chemistry, sustainability

A recent study suggests that by the Neoproterozoic period, distinct lineages of amoebae, as well as the ancestors of plants, algae, and animals, had already emerged and managed to survive the two global glaciations that covered the planet.

Approximately 800 million years ago (mya), long before the formation of the supercontinent Pangea, Earth’s biodiversity was more varied than previously thought. Brazilian researchers, through the reconstruction of the evolutionary tree of life from ancient amoebas and the ancestors of algae, fungi, plants, and animals, have proposed a scenario where multiple distinct lineages of species coexisted during this era. Their findings are detailed in an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS).

According to the literature, several lineages of eukaryotes that first emerged 1.5 billion years ago diversified and established themselves during the Neoproterozoic oxygenation event (850−540 mya), when oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans rose significantly owing to changes in the planet’s geochemistry.

Oct 8, 2024

Bubble findings could unlock better electrode and electrolyzer designs

Posted by in categories: chemistry, energy

Industrial electrochemical processes that use electrodes to produce fuels and chemical products are hampered by the formation of bubbles that block parts of the electrode surface, reducing the area available for the active reaction. Such blockage reduces the performance of the electrodes by anywhere from 10 to 25 percent.

But new research reveals a decades-long misunderstanding about the extent of that interference. The findings show exactly how the blocking effect works and could lead to new ways of designing electrode surfaces to minimize inefficiencies in these widely used electrochemical processes.

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Oct 8, 2024

Decoding Nature’s Hidden Messages

Posted by in categories: biological, chemistry

Living organisms constantly navigate dynamic and noisy environments, where they must efficiently sense, interpret, and respond to a wide range of signals. The ability to accurately process information is vital for both executing interspecies survival strategies and for maintaining stable cellular functions, which operate across multiple temporal and spatial scales [1] (Fig. 1). However, these systems often have access to only limited information. They interact with their surroundings through a subset of observable variables, such as chemical gradients or spatial positions, all while operating within constrained energy budgets. In this context, Giorgio Nicoletti of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) and Daniel Maria Busiello of the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Germany applied information theory and stochastic thermodynamics to provide a unified framework addressing this topic [2]. Their work has unraveled potential fundamental principles behind transduction mechanisms that extract information from a noisy environment.

Bacteria, cells, swarms, and other organisms have been observed acquiring information about the environment at extraordinarily high precision. Bacteria can read surrounding chemical gradients to reach regions of high nutrients consistently [3], and cells form patterns during development repetitively and stably by receiving information on the distribution and concentration of external substances, called morphogens [4]. In doing so, they must interact with a noisy environment where the information available is scrambled and needs to be retrieved without corrupting the relevant signal [5]. All this comes at a cost.

The idea that precision is not free is an old one in the field of stochastic thermodynamics, and the cost usually comes in the form of energy dissipation [6]. This trade-off is even more relevant for biological systems that have limited access to energy sources. Living systems are pushed to find optimal strategies to achieve maximum precision while minimizing energy consumption. Consequently, a complete quantitative description of how these strategies are implemented requires the simultaneous application of information theory and stochastic—that is, noisy—thermodynamics.

Oct 8, 2024

Efficient way to hydrogenate nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds developed

Posted by in category: chemistry

Successful reduction of the chemical manufacturing industry’s environmental impact relies on finding a greener way to make the chemical building blocks for common and massively consumed compounds.

Oct 7, 2024

Transforming seaweeds into raw materials for aviation fuel and pharmaceuticals

Posted by in categories: chemistry, energy, engineering, transportation

A new technology has been developed to convert common seaweeds such as Kkosiraegi, which are often used in cooking, into high-quality sources for both bio-aviation fuels and energy storage devices. The results were published in the Chemical Engineering Journal.

Oct 6, 2024

A scalable convolutional neural network approach to fluid flow prediction in complex environments

Posted by in categories: chemistry, climatology, robotics/AI

While machine learning methods can be used for accurate flow prediction in complex environments, such as for urban structures30 or turbulent fields31, generalizing these approaches to domains of arbitrary size and complexity remains a challenging problem. One reason is that flows near and around obstacles depend on factors associated with the fluid (i.e., Reynolds number) or domain (i.e., boundary conditions), and fixing either of these conditions puts bounds on the validity of the estimated fields. Thus, if we seek broad applicability, then we should seek the fewest set of model restrictions that together provide the most accurate flow predictions. To this end, our approach has been to deconstruct certain types of domains into individual obstacles that each maintain some level of geometrical similarity, so that a single neural network model can be used to predict flows near all structural boundaries of the domain. Flows between these structural surfaces, at a scale on the order of the obstacle diameter, are predicted using a second neural network model in series with the first. Together, this serial-modeling approach allows for rapid prediction of flows in domains that can be represented by a disjoint set of structural elements. This type of domain is common, for example, in urban and periurban areas, wherein buildings conform to a common structural motif that affects ground-level velocity fields.

Another relevant length scale is the grid size used to digitize individual domains for read-in by the model. Thus, we investigated how flow patterns can be affected when this input resolution is varied. Although our choice of grid size is somewhat arbitrary, it is dense enough to capture variation in the relevant velocity fields near individual obstacles, but not so dense that producing a large enough cohort of CFD-generated training datasets becomes computationally intractable.

Our approach can also be trained to predict flows with a variable inlet velocity, which, in the case of urban wind flow prediction, permits model parameterization in terms of current meteorological conditions. In the specific case of aerial dispersion of chemicals throughout an urban environment, our predicted flows are considered as the advective field of a drift-diffusion model of molecular dispersion. This advection field plays a central role because concentration fluctuations decorrelate in relationship with the velocity fluctuations of the advection field, and spatial heterogeneity in the flow patterns is determined by the sequence of obstacles in the flow path.

Oct 5, 2024

Newly developed material can suppress thermal runaway in batteries

Posted by in categories: chemistry, materials

A team of engineers and materials scientists at LG Chem, Korea’s largest chemical company, has developed a material that they claim could greatly reduce the risk of thermal runaway and resulting fires in batteries. In their paper published in the journal Nature Communications, the group describes how they developed the material and how well it has worked during testing.

Over the past several years, consumers have witnessed or have heard about batteries in smartphones or cars catching on fire. These fires, it has been found, result from thermal runaway, which is where the anode and cathode inside a battery come too close together, or worse, actually touch.

The result is a short, which generates heat, and results soon thereafter in a fire. In this new effort, the team at LG has developed a thin material that, when placed between the cathode and collector, prevents thermal runaway.

Oct 4, 2024

Carbon Fiber Structural Battery Paves way for Light, Energy-Efficient Vehicles

Posted by in categories: chemistry, computing, mobile phones, sustainability, transportation

When cars, planes, ships or computers are built from a material that functions as both a battery and a load-bearing structure, the weight and energy consumption are radically reduced. A research group at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden is now presenting a world-leading advance in so-called massless energy storage — a structural battery that could halve the weight of a laptop, make the mobile phone as thin as a credit card or increase the driving range of an electric car by up to 70% on a single charge.

“We have succeeded in creating a battery made of carbon fiber composite that is as stiff as aluminum and energy-dense enough to be used commercially. Just like a human skeleton, the battery has several functions at the same time,” says Chalmers researcher Richa Chaudhary, who is the first author of an article recently published in Advanced Materials.

Research on structural batteries has been going on for many years at Chalmers, and in some stages also together with researchers at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. When Professor Leif Asp and colleagues published their first results in 2018 on how stiff, strong carbon fibers could store electrical energy chemically, the advance attracted massive attention.

Oct 4, 2024

Axolotls seem to pause their biological clocks and stop ageing

Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, chemistry, life extension

In most vertebrates, a pattern of chemical marks on the genome is a reliable indicator of age, but in axolotls this clock seems to stop after the first four years of life.

By Claire Ainsworth

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