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Why Technological Civilizations Might Be Insanely Rare

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Today’s video explores the most terrifying calculation I’ve ever done, one that comes with some deeply unsettling implications for the Universe in which we live…

Written & presented by David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas.

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THANK-YOU to S. Shardool, M. Seay, M. McMillan, M. Popovski, M. Singh, M. Elliott, M. Donkin, M. Zajonc, M. Czirr, M. Williams, M. Daughaday, M. Muriuki, M. Cartmell, M. Ford, M. Devermont, M. Hedlund, M. Patterson, M. Murphy, M. Bassnett, M. Lovely, M. Schiff, M. Bylinsky, C. Fitzgerald, M. Danielson, M. Morrow, M. Corwin, M. Schreiner, M. Metts, M. Stevenson, M. Vystoropskyi, M. Brownlee, M. Shamp, M. Sattler, M. Ross-Lee, M. Bueche, M. Fitzsimmons, M. Borisoff, M. Larter, M. Cunningham, M. Williams, M. Alley, M. Adler, M. Murray, L. Deacon, M. Kruger, M. Bryant, M. Lee, P. Johnston, M. Sanford, N. Offor, M. Saint, R. Borbidge, M. Reese, M. Langley, M. Howard, M. Stewart, M. Morrison, M. Kennedy, M. Aron, M. Rockett, M. Kingston, M. Daniluk, M. Schoen, M. Lee, M. Huch, M. Chaffee, M. Simmons, M. Herman, M. Vaal, M. Canning, M. Kochkov, M. Fullwood, G. Belsak, M. Bergman, M. Armstrong, M. Bottaccini, M. Farabee, B. Gaalen, M. Haan, M. Hoffman, E. Garland, M. Everest, M. Venzor, M. Frederick, M. Peraza, W. Ruf, M. Matters, M. Smith, M. Hansen, M. Edris, M. Souter, M. Smith, M. OBrien, M. Provost & M. Nimmerjahn.

REFERENCES

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Reading the Galaxy’s Past

Every galaxy you’ve ever seen in a photograph is hiding something. Beyond the glowing disc of stars and gas that the camera captures lies a vast, ghostly outer region called a halo, too faint to see easily but packed with clues about how that galaxy came to be. ESA has just formally committed to a mission designed to reveal those hidden haloes in unprecedented detail, and in doing so, finally answer one of the most fundamental questions in astronomy: how did galaxies like our own Milky Way form?

Space Habitats: The Megastructures We’ll Call Home

Explore the future of space habitats, from rotating cylinders and torus colonies to orbital cities, asteroid homes, and the megastructures humanity may one day live inside.

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Watch my exclusive video Nearby Supernovae: https://nebula.tv/videos/isaacarthur–… SFIA Merchandise: https://isaac-arthur-shop.fourthwall… 🌐 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net ❤️ Support us on Patreon: / isaacarthur ⭐ Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-a… 👥 Facebook Group: / 1,583,992,725,237,264 📣 Reddit Community: / isaacarthur 🐦 Follow on Twitter / X: / isaac_a_arthur 💬 SFIA Discord Server: / discord Credits: Space Habitats: The Megastructures We’ll Call Home Written, Produced & Narrated by: Isaac Arthur Editors: Briana Brownell, Ludwig Luska Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images, Anthrofuturism, Apogii.uk, Bryan Versteeg, Fishy Tree, Katie Byrne, Jarred Eagley, Jeremy Jozwik, Justin Dixon, Ken York YD Visual, Neil Blevins, Sergio Botero, Steve Bowers, and Udo Schroeter Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic and Markus Junnikkala, Phase Shift, Kai Engel, Chris Zabriskie, Taras Harkavyi, and Stellardrone 0:00 Intro 4:37 The Sunflower 14:07 The O’Neill Cylinder 49:00 Lewis One 57:40 Stanford Torus 1:22:19 Kalpana One 1:28:14 Nebula 1:29:27 Bernal Sphere 1:54:13 Bishop Ring 2:03:23 Topopolis 2:27:36 McKendree Cylinder 2:33:57 Hammer Habs 2:59:01 Rungworlds 3:04:35 Conglomerations 3:38:45 Epilogue.

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📣 Reddit Community: / isaacarthur.
🐦 Follow on Twitter / X: / isaac_a_arthur.
💬 SFIA Discord Server: / discord.
Credits:
Space Habitats: The Megastructures We’ll Call Home.
Written, Produced \& Narrated by: Isaac Arthur.
Editors: Briana Brownell, Ludwig Luska.
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images, Anthrofuturism, Apogii.uk, Bryan Versteeg, Fishy Tree, Katie Byrne, Jarred Eagley, Jeremy Jozwik, Justin Dixon, Ken York YD Visual, Neil Blevins, Sergio Botero, Steve Bowers, and Udo Schroeter.
Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic and Markus Junnikkala, Phase Shift, Kai Engel, Chris Zabriskie, Taras Harkavyi, and Stellardrone.

0:00 Intro.
4:37 The Sunflower.
14:07 The O’Neill Cylinder.
49:00 Lewis One.
57:40 Stanford Torus.
1:22:19 Kalpana One.
1:28:14 Nebula.
1:29:27 Bernal Sphere.
1:54:13 Bishop Ring.
2:03:23 Topopolis.
2:27:36 McKendree Cylinder.
2:33:57 Hammer Habs.
2:59:01 Rungworlds.
3:04:35 Conglomerations.
3:38:45 Epilogue

Peering into the Milky Way’s far side, Roman could unveil 100,000 worlds

NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is poised to make a major leap in the hunt for worlds outside our solar system, known as exoplanets. Scientists expect the mission to reveal around 100,000 worlds—a staggering leap compared to the nearly 6,300 found so far thanks to NASA missions working in tandem with other observatories. And Roman will primarily find them in underexplored regions of the Milky Way.

“Our galaxy is home to a variety of different environments, but when it comes to hunting for exoplanets, we’ve really only explored one: our own neighborhood,” said Elisa Quintana, an exoplanet researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Quintana leads a team focused on building software and simulations to help prepare for Roman’s exoplanet transit observations. “Roman will extend the search far enough to encompass other galactic habitats, which could help us learn how planet formation varies across different regions of the Milky Way.”

Most known exoplanets are located within a couple thousand light-years of Earth. But one of Roman’s core surveys will peer all the way through the Milky Way’s galactic bulge, the central hub where stars are packed more densely than anywhere else, to the fringes of the far side of the galaxy.

Cosmic dawn fuel discovery unlocks early galaxy growth secrets

Astronomers have discovered a huge reservoir of cold molecular gas, the direct fuel for star formation, in REBELS-25, a massive, star-forming galaxy. The team, led from Leiden University, focused on REBELS-25, seen when the universe was only about 700 million years old, around 5% of its current age. The research is published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Astronomers use “redshift” to describe this distance, which measures how much the universe’s expansion has stretched a galaxy’s light to redder wavelengths. The higher the redshift, the farther back in time we look. REBELS-25 sits at redshift z = 7.3, deep in the Epoch of Reionization, a key era in which the first stars and galaxies transformed the dark, neutral universe into the universe we see around us today.

Galaxies grow by turning gas into stars, and cold molecular gas is the primary fuel. Until now, astronomers suspected early bright, massive galaxies had huge gas supplies, but no one had directly detected them at these distances.

Diffusion model links foam physics to voting shifts and market behavior

A drop of dye added to a glass of water undergoes ordinary diffusion. However, when placed on the surface of a foam, the dye spreads differently—diffusion becomes anomalous. An example of this is the pattern on the froth of a cup of cappuccino. Interestingly, recent research suggests that diffusion equations in a heterogeneous environment can also describe social phenomena, such as election results or the behavior of stock market traders. The study is published in the Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science.

The movement of particles in complex media—such as porous materials, gels or foams—bears more resemblance to a random journey through an irregular maze than to a leisurely stroll through a homogeneous space. The presence of local “traps” alongside narrow passages or branches causes the transport of matter or energy to be significantly slowed down or accelerated. Such deviations from classical diffusion are referred to as anomalous diffusion. It is also observed in media with a nonuniform structure.

An international team of physicists from Poland, Croatia, Macedonia and Hungary has undertaken a mathematical description of diffusion in such systems; the Polish side was represented by scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) in Cracow.

Quantization of Harmonic oscillator|Quantum field theory

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Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-121b Reveals Atmospheric Secrets

“WASP-121b is particularly extreme, with average temperatures on the dayside hemisphere being around 2,770 Kelvin, while those on the nightside are closer to about 1,000 Kelvin,” said Dr. Tom Evans-Soma. [ https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/30649/ultra-hot-jupi…-secrets-2](https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/30649/ultra-hot-jupi…-secrets-2)

What can an exoplanet’s temperature differences teach astronomers about exoplanet atmospheres? This is what a recent study published in Nature Astronomy hopes to address as a team of scientists investigated the extreme temperature difference between the dayside and nightside of an exoplanet. This study has the potential to help scientists better understand the atmospheric composition and evolution of exoplanets, which could narrow the criteria for searching for life beyond Earth.

For the study, the researchers used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to observe WASP-121 b, which is a well-known ultra-hot Jupiter located approximately 880 light-years from Earth. The primary motivation behind the study was to fill existing knowledge gaps regarding the atmospheric effects of these extreme temperatures. When an exoplanet passes in front of its star, light passes through the atmosphere, enabling astronomers to study this light and learn about the atmosphere.

Until JWST, astronomers lacked the technology to observe exoplanet atmospheres in extreme detail. In the end, the researchers found that WASP-121 b’s atmosphere exhibits massive temperature differences between the dayside and night side, coinciding with changes in carbon monoxide and water vapor. These temperatures vary from approximately 4,525 degrees Fahrenheit on the dayside and 1,340 degrees Fahrenheit on the night side.

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