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Category: food

Unlocking the genome’s hidden half with new DNA sequencing technology

Cornell researchers have found that a new DNA sequencing technology can be used to study how transposons move within and bind to the genome. Transposons play critical roles in immune response, neurological function and genetic evolution, and implications of the finding include agricultural advancements and understanding disease development and treatment.

In a paper published in iScience, senior author Patrick Murphy, Ph.D. ‘13, associate professor of molecular biology and genetics in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and co-authors demonstrate that a high-resolution genome mapping technique called CUT&Tag can overcome shortcomings in existing sequencing methods to enable study of transposons.

Once derided as “junk DNA,” transposons make up half the human genome and are descended from ancient viruses encountered by our evolutionary ancestors.

Genetic engineering reduces plant’s chromosome number without affecting its growth

Higher yields, greater resilience to climatic changes or diseases—the demands on crop plants are constantly growing. To address these challenges, researchers of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) are developing new methods in genetic engineering.

In cooperation with other German and Czech researchers, they succeeded for the first time in leveraging the CRISPR/Cas molecular scissors for changing the number of chromosomes in the Arabidopsis thaliana model organism in a targeted way—without any adverse effects on plant growth. This discovery opens up new perspectives for plant breeding and agriculture. The results have been published in Science.

The CRISPR/Cas molecular scissors enabled the KIT researchers in recent years to alter not only genes, but also chromosomes. This way, it is possible to combine wanted traits or eliminate unwanted ones in plants in a targeted manner.

Brain circuit controlling compulsive behavior mapped

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have identified a brain circuit that can drive repetitive and compulsive behaviors in mice, even when natural rewards such as food or social contact are available. The study has been published in the journal Science Advances and may contribute to increased knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction.

Both animals and humans can become stuck in certain behaviors, but exactly how this is regulated in the brain has been unknown. Now, researchers have been able to show that a specific nerve circuit in the brain can put behaviors into a kind of “repeat mode,” where mice continue to perform the same actions over and over again, even when there is no longer any reward.

The researchers investigated a that runs from the , part of the brain’s reward system, to a region in the hypothalamus, which in turn is connected to the , an area that processes unpleasant experiences. By activating this circuit using optogenetics, a method in which are controlled by light, the researchers were able to induce a negative state in mice that led to repetitive behaviors such as digging and sniffing—even when food or other rewards were available.

Airborne sensors map ammonia plumes in California’s Imperial Valley

A recent study led by scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and the nonprofit Aerospace Corporation shows how high-resolution maps of ground-level ammonia plumes can be generated with airborne sensors, highlighting a way to better track the gas.

A key chemical ingredient of fine particulate matter—tiny particles in the air known to be harmful when inhaled—ammonia can be released through agricultural activities such as livestock farming and geothermal power generation as well as natural geothermal processes. Because it’s not systematically monitored, many sources of the pungent gas go undetected.

Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, the study focuses on a series of 2023 research flights that covered the Imperial Valley to the southeast of the Salton Sea in inland Southern California, as well as the Eastern Coachella Valley to its northwest. Prior satellite-based research has identified the Imperial Valley as a prolific source of gaseous ammonia.

Soft robot powered by edible pneumatic battery and actuator

Using common kitchen ingredients such as citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, scientists have created an edible pneumatic battery and valve system to power soft robots.

Soft, biodegradable robots are used in various fields, such as and targeted drug delivery, and are designed to completely disappear after performing their tasks. However, the main problem with them is that they rely on conventional batteries (such as lithium), which are toxic and non-biodegradable. And until now, no successful system has been developed that can provide repeated, self-sustained motion using only edible materials.

In a new paper published in the journal Advanced Science, researchers from Dario Floreano’s Laboratory of Intelligent Systems at EPFL in Switzerland describe how they developed a fully edible power source (), a valve system (controller), and an actuator (the robot’s muscle).

Species in crisis: Critically endangered penguins are directly competing with fishing boats

A new study led by the University of St Andrews has found that critically endangered African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are significantly more likely to forage in the same areas as commercial fishing vessels during years of low fish abundance, increasing competition for food and adding pressure to a species already in crisis.

Published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, the research introduces a novel metric called “overlap intensity” which for the first time measures not just the extent of shared space between and fishing vessels, but how many penguins are actually affected by this overlap.

The African penguin population has plummeted by nearly 80% in the past three decades, in part due to competition with the local fishery targeting sardines and anchovies, a key prey for the penguins.

Urolithin A nudges aging immune cells toward a youthful profile in 28 days

An international research team focused on aging reports that urolithin A at 1,000 mg per day shifted human immune profiles toward a more naive-like, less exhausted CD8+ state and increased fatty acid oxidation capacity, with additional functional gains.

Urolithin A is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria after breaking down ellagic acid from certain foods, such as pomegranates and walnuts. While produced naturally through microbial digestion, it is in much smaller quantities than available as a supplement or used in the study.

Aging bodies face reduced production of mature T cells, shrinking naive T cell pools and chronic low-grade inflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and waning autophagy sit at the core of these shifts, with mitophagy failure linked to immune dysregulation and disease.

Unusual days signal rising migraine risk

Harvard Medical School researchers report that higher day-to-day “trigger surprisal” scores were associated with migraine attacks over the next 12 and 24 hours. In this cohort, higher surprisal scores aligned with greater odds of a headache attack, even after accounting for recent headache history and fluctuations in daily experience.

Migraine management often revolves around trying to identify and control conditions that might trigger them. From food and drink and to physiological and psychological stressors, it is a crowded landscape of potential trigger suspects. Individuals attempting to match attack timing to these suspected triggers rely on memory and a self-selected list of candidates rather than controlled experimental designs.

In the study, “Information-Theoretic Trigger Surprisal and Future Headache Activity,” published in JAMA Network Open, researchers conducted a to evaluate the association between surprise and future attacks.

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