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Dying stars are devouring giant planets, astronomers discover

A new study suggests that aging stars may be wiping out the giant planets that orbit closest to them. The research, led by astronomers at UCL (University College London) and the University of Warwick, provides fresh evidence that these planets can be pulled inward and destroyed as their host stars evolve.

Stars like our Sun eventually run out of hydrogen fuel. When that happens, they begin to cool and expand, entering a phase known as a red giant. Scientists estimate that the Sun will reach this stage in about five billion years.

The new findings, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, are based on observations of nearly half a million stars that have recently entered this “post-main sequence” phase of their life cycle.

The long-lived immune system of centenarians

What is unique about the immune system of people who live to extreme old age? Here the authors describe that centenarians may achieve such longevity through several mechanisms, including limiting the pathological effects of inflammageing and immunosenescence, preservation of immune surveillance, sustained gut microbial diversity and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity.

Arthritis Cure BREAKTHROUGH: Regrow Young Cartilage

Stanford published a paper in Science showing they regrew joint cartilage in aging mice — and in human tissue samples taken from knee-replacement patients — by blocking a single enzyme called 15-PGDH. It’s being hyped as the end of knee and hip replacement surgery. The science is real. The hype is getting ahead of what the paper actually says.

This episode walks through the study itself — the three experiments, the surprising mechanism (which doesn’t involve stem cells at all), and the actual clinical timeline.

Bottom line: the mechanism is a genuinely new paradigm for tissue regeneration. The human osteoarthritis trial? \.

The Immune System Impacts Longevity: What To Measure

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Research Into Naturally Occurring Hair Growth in Skin Nevi May Inform New Regenerative Therapies

An international team of researchers funded in part by NIAMS sought to understand why skin nevi grow long hair. Nevi, which are a type of skin lesion, have an abundance of pigment-producing cells, called melanocytes, that have become aged (or senescent). The team determined that senescent melanocytes within nevi produce large quantities of several signaling molecules. One such molecule, called osteopontin, causes dormant hair stem cells to wake up, which increases hair growth.

The study, which appeared in the journal Nature on June 21, 2023, provides answers as to why nevi are hairy and also uncovers the unexpected growth-promoting potential of senescent cells, which are typically thought to be associated with inhibited tissue growth.

Just two doses of new nasal spray found to slow brain ageing and restore memory

Recently, a growing body of research suggests that the brain fog one experiences as they grow older is linked to a tide of inflammation deep within the brain’s memory centre. Scientists call this “neuroinflammaging” – thought to be the inevitable price of growing older.

But now, a new mice study suggests that this inflammation behind brain ageing and brain fog can actually be reversed with a simple nasal spray. This spray could reshape the future of therapies for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, and may even change what is known about brain ageing itself, say researchers from Texas A&M University.

Immune molecule long tied to inflammation may benefit the aging brain

Inflammation in the brain is usually seen as harmful in the aging process—it’s thought to contribute to Alzheimer’s and dementia. But a new study in mice suggests that inflammation, led by an immune molecule called STING (stimulator of interferon genes), might have a role in protecting the aging brain. The findings also have implications for new experimental Alzheimer’s drugs that are designed to block STING.

For the study published in Cell Reports, scientists at Tufts University School of Medicine examined brain function, inflammation, and movement in genetically engineered to lack STING, compared with normal controls. They found that mice without STING had worse memory and movement problems, mimicking the senility and frailty seen in people with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

“Our data suggest that the that STING supports may actually be necessary for the brain to stay healthy and in balance during old age,” says Shruti Sharma, an assistant professor of immunology at Tufts University School of Medicine and the study’s senior author.

Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Immunotherapy: A Promising Breakthrough in Cancer Therapeutics

PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors Implications in Common Human Cancers.

Lung cancer: the landscape of lung cancer treatment has been profoundly reshaped by tumor immunotherapy directed at PD-1/PD-L1. Notably, the effectiveness of PD-L1 inhibitors surpasses that of chemotherapy, particularly in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients exhibiting elevated PD-L1 levels. This potency is equally evident among patients with previously untreated metastatic squamous NSCLC. Moreover, when considering patients with NSCLC who have undergone prior treatment, a decreased rate of disease progression is more frequently observed in response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, as opposed to conventional chemotherapy. This observation holds true, particularly for patients with an extensive metastatic burden and an adverse prognosis. In current clinical therapeutics, a strategic alliance between PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents has emerged as a cornerstone of treatment. This approach attests to the heightened value these inhibitors bring to the therapeutic arsenal. The rapid evolution of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for advanced NSCLC stands as an instrumental factor in enhancing patient outcomes, charting a promising trajectory toward improved prognosis [,]. In a recent study, neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor sintilimab was administered to individuals with NSCLC. The outcomes revealed that a notable 40.5% of participants achieved a major pathological response, while a commendable 10.8% realized a complete remission at the pathological level [].

Prostate cancer: currently, PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have ushered substantial clinical advantages for individuals with prostate cancer. A recent study has put forth the notion that synergizing PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors with radiotherapy presents a promising avenue in the management of prostate cancer []. However, it is noteworthy that the impact of PD-L1/PD-1 blockade in the context of prostate cancer appears comparatively muted in contrast to its influence on other cancer types. This discrepancy stems from the diminished immunogenicity characterizing prostate cancers [].

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