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Breaking recalcitrant lignin bonds with electricity for conversion into value-added chemicals: An e-biorefinery

A research team led by Professor Jaehoon Kim at Sungkyunkwan University and Dr. Dong Ki Lee at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) has developed a highly efficient catalytic process that electrochemically converts lignin, a key component of woody biomass, into value-added aromatic compounds and cyclohexene-based compounds.

The study demonstrates that the recalcitrant ether bonds in lignin can be selectively cleaved under relatively mild conditions without the use of external hydrogen gas, while simultaneously upgrading lignin into useful chemical precursors.

The research results were published in Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy.

Microwave carrots, air-fry tomatoes: Researchers identify sustainable cooking methods for better nutrition

Researchers at the University of Seville’s Food Color and Quality Laboratory have studied the effects of different cooking methods used for tomatoes and carrots (in the oven, microwave or air fryer, among others) on the amount of carotenoids that are potentially available for absorption by the body following the digestion of these foods. According to the study, the bioavailability index varies significantly depending on how these foods are cooked. Carotenoids are compounds of great importance due to their positive health effects.

In the case of carrots, the bioavailability of total carotenoids increased ninefold when cooked in the oven. For tomatoes, the highest bioavailability values were obtained by cooking them in either an air fryer (190 °C for 10 minutes) or a conventional oven (180 °C for 20 minutes). There were no significant differences between the two methods. Although the increase in bioavailability was more modest (a 1.5-fold increase), it was also significant compared to raw tomatoes.

The researchers also highlight that the increases in the bioavailability of the vitamin A precursor carotenoids in tomatoes (α-carotene and β-carotene) ranged from 26 to 38 times and 46 to 71 times, respectively, compared with those in raw carrots. Cooking is, therefore, a sometimes-overlooked strategy for combating vitamin A deficiency, one of the world’s most serious nutritional problems.

Physicists create laser tornado in miniature structures using synthetic magnetic field

Can light behave like a whirlwind? It turns out it can—and such “optical tornadoes” have now been created in an extremely small structure by scientists from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw, the Military University of Technology, and the Institut Pascal CNRS at Université Clermont Auvergne. This discovery opens a new pathway for creating miniature light sources with complex structures, potentially enabling the development of simpler and more scalable photonic devices in the future, for applications such as optical communication and quantum technologies. The research is published in the journal Science Advances.

“Our solution combines several fields of physics, from quantum mechanics, through materials engineering, to optics and solid-state physics,” explains Prof. Jacek Szczytko from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw, the leader of the research group. “The inspiration came from systems known from atomic physics, where electrons can occupy different energy states. In photonics, a similar role is played by optical traps, which confine light instead of electrons.”

“You can think of it as an optical vortex,” says Dr. Marcin Muszyński from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw and Department of Physics City College of New York, the first author of the study. “The light wave twists around its axis, and its phase changes in a spiral manner. Moreover, even the polarization—the direction of oscillation of the electric field—begins to rotate.”

Physicists create optical phenomenon inspired by the quantum Hall and spin Hall effects

Researchers at the Würzburg site of the Cluster of Excellence ctd.qmat have succeeded in transferring the topological quantum Hall and spin Hall effects to a hybrid light-matter system by harnessing targeted material design. The team led by Professor Sebastian Klembt generated this optical quantum phenomenon by using polaritons—hybrid light-matter particles. This advance paves the way for optical information processing. The results have been published in Nature Communications.

Back in 1980, Nobel laureate Klaus von Klitzing, then working in Würzburg, first demonstrated topological charge transport with the quantum Hall effect.

In 2006, Professor Laurens Molenkamp at JMU Würzburg provided the world’s first experimental evidence of the quantum spin Hall effect as an intrinsic property of a topological insulator. Both phenomena protect electrons from scattering.

Understanding protein motion could greatly aid new drug design

For many people, “protein” is the key element of a food order. However, beyond the preferred choice of meats or plant-based alternatives, proteins encompass a large class of complex biomolecules whose chemical structure is encoded in our genes. Proteins have critical functions in living cells; they help repair and build body tissues, drive metabolic reactions, maintain pH and fluid balance, and keep our immune systems strong.

To perform their important functions, many proteins have a dynamic molecular structure capable of adopting multiple conformations. For a long time, scientists have suspected that proteins don’t change shape at random. Instead, they seem to move according to deep, slow rhythms—like a building that sways gently in the wind rather than shaking violently.

Those slow rhythms guide how a protein bends, twists, and shifts between its different forms. If one could understand those rhythms, one might be able to predict—and even hurry along—the protein’s movements.

Brain-inspired AI hardware helps autonomous devices operate efficiently and independently

The human brain constantly makes decisions. It requires minimal power to move bodies in a desired direction or avoid an object. A Purdue University engineer uses the brain’s efficiency as inspiration to help autonomous vehicles, such as drones and robots, make crucial, time-sensitive decisions while operating in the field.

Kaushik Roy, the Edward G. Tiedemann, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Purdue’s Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and director of the Institute of Chips and AI, is developing brain-inspired hardware that enables autonomous devices to efficiently navigate and adapt to their environment. This work is published in Communications Engineering

AI-powered machines have advanced significantly over the past several decades thanks to machine learning, which enables these devices to recognize patterns and make predictions or decisions. But the algorithms that facilitate this learning require immense amounts of energy to operate due to their intensive calculations and the design of the hardware that runs them.

This Supervolcano Is Refilling With Magma After 7,300 Years

A supervolcano that once shook the Earth is quietly recharging—and scientists are finally seeing how it happens.

Scientists have found that the magma reservoir linked to the largest volcanic eruption of the Holocene is filling again. The discovery, led by Kobe University researchers studying Japan’s Kikai caldera, offers new insight into how massive caldera systems such as Yellowstone and Toba behave and may improve our ability to anticipate future activity.

What Makes Supervolcanoes So Powerful

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