An early-life anxious temperament (AT) is a risk factor for the development of anxiety, depression, and comorbid substance abuse. We validated a nonhuman primate model of early-life AT and identified the dorsal amygdala as a core component of AT’s neural circuit. Here, we combine RNA sequencing, viral-vector gene manipulation, functional brain imaging, and behavioral phenotyping to uncover AT’s molecular substrates.
Neural development is the complex, lifelong process of forming and refining the nervous system, beginning with embryonic neurulation (neural tube formation) and continuing through maturation and remodeling.
The brain starts forming weeks after conception, with development continuing through childhood and adolescence.
Signaling molecules like Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and TGF-beta regulate this process.
Brain architecture is shaped by experiences and environmental factors.
Disruptions can cause neural tube defects like spina bifida.
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A Dartmouth study challenges the conventional view that the amygdala—the two-sided structure deep in the brain involved in emotion, learning, and decision making—is simply the brain’s primitive “fear center,” reflexively driving us to avoid the things we fear, from high places and tight spaces to spiders and large crowds. The researchers report in Nature Communications that the amygdala is far more complex, acting as a sophisticated arbiter to help the brain choose between competing strategies for learning and decision-making.
“Historically, the amygdala has been studied from the perspective of fear learning, and it has been generalized to reward learning,” says Jae Hyung Woo, a Ph.D. candidate in the psychological and brain sciences and the study’s first author. “Our main hypothesis was that it must have other functions given its extensive connections to the rest of the brain.”
In recent years, mRNA in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA–LNPs) has emerged as a promising strategy for treating numerous conditions, including COVID-19, various cancers and chronic genetic disorders. To date, this technology has not been successfully used for pancreatic diseases, but that could be about to change. In a paper published in Nature, scientists from China report the development of a new lipid nanoparticle drug-delivery system specifically designed for the pancreas.
Lipid nanoparticles are a special class of fat-based carriers that encapsulate and deliver nucleic acids such as messenger RNA into cells. Among the reasons they have not worked for the pancreas until now is that most LNPs naturally accumulate in the liver and spleen. That means the therapeutic molecules they carry can’t accumulate to high enough levels to be beneficial.
However, the research team realized that while the liver and spleen are wrapped in a dense, protective outer layer called a capsule, the pancreas is only covered by a thin layer of connective tissue. They wondered if these organ capsules act as a biological filter. If so, they could perhaps design nanoparticles large enough to be physically blocked by the walls of the spleen and liver, leaving the pancreas as the only place to go. They named this discovery the capsule-filter-mediated pancreatic-targeted (CAMP) mechanism.
One of the least examined—but most consequential—dimensions of intelligence is not merely what a mind can represent, but the temporal resolution at which cognition unfolds. Intelligence is inseparable from subjective time: the rate at which experiences, d
The types of glass that we encounter in everyday life, such as window glass or smartphone screens, are disordered solids. This means that they consist of particles locked in place, like those in solids, but arranged randomly, similarly to how they would be in a liquid.
Almost a century ago, Walter Kauzmann, who was a chemistry professor at Princeton University at the time, was confronted with the possible existence of a so-called ideal glass, an amorphous system with the entropy of a crystal. This is a glass in which particles are still arranged randomly, but the particles fill space so efficiently that there is only one possible arrangement, as opposed to the many disordered arrangements of conventional glass.
Kauzmann’s theoretical proposals inspired numerous other physicists to explore the idea of this perfectly equilibrated glass. Previous studies suggested that this elusive state could not be reached using conventional cooling processes.
Cellular reprogramming is one of the technologies most associated with longevity. The field was created in 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka showed that a cocktail of four transcription factors, commonly known as OSKM, can cause de-differentiation and massive rejuvenation of a cell, creating an iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell). About a decade later, partial reprogramming was demonstrated in vivo, where a more subtle application of the factors led to rejuvenation without compromising the cell’s identity.
Today, this field is maturing quickly, with its first clinical trials just around the corner. Academic teams and companies are working on dozens of directions and applications. We asked four experts, all involved in reprogramming-related biotech companies, to talk about their companies’ approaches and the opportunities and bottlenecks that the field faces and to offer predictions for the near and not-so-near future.
What I find most compelling about cellular reprogramming is that it revealed aging to be, at least in part, an actively maintained biological state rather than irreversible accumulation of damage. The discovery that somatic cells retain a latent capacity to reset their epigenetic and functional identity fundamentally changed how we think about cellular plasticity, identity, and time.