Lifeboat Foundation

Macromolecular information transfer can be defined as the process by which a coded monomer sequence is communicated from one macromolecule to another. In such a transfer process, the information sequence can be kept identical, transformed into a complementary sequence or even translated into a different molecular language. Such mechanisms are crucial in biology and take place in DNA→DNA replication, DNA→RNA transcription and RNA→protein translation. In fact, there would be no life on Earth without macromolecular information transfer. Mimicking such processes with synthetic macromolecules would also be of major scientific relevance because it would open up new avenues for technological applications (e.g. data storage and processing) but also for the creation of artificial life. In this important context, this minireview summarizes recent research about information transfer in synthetic oligomers and polymers. Medium-and long-term perspectives are also discussed.

Keywords: Artificial Translation; Molecular Replication; Precision Polymers; Sequence-Controlled Polymers; Template-Directed Synthesis.

© 2023 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

How life emerged from simple non-life chemicals on the ancient Earth is one of the greatest mysteries in biology. The gene expression system of extant life is based on the interdependence between multiple molecular species (DNA, RNA, and proteins). While DNA is mainly used as genetic material and proteins as functional molecules in modern biology, RNA serves as both genetic material and enzymes (ribozymes). Thus, the evolution of life may have begun with the birth of a ribozyme that replicated itself (the RNA world hypothesis), and proteins and DNA joined later. However, the complete self-replication of ribozymes from monomeric substrates has not yet been demonstrated experimentally, due to their limited activity and stability. In contrast, peptides are more chemically stable and are considered to have existed on the ancient Earth, leading to the hypothesis of RNA-peptide co-evolution from the very beginning. Our group and collaborators recently demonstrated that peptides with both hydrophobic and cationic moieties (e.g., KKVVVVVV) form β-amyloid aggregates that adsorb RNA and enhance RNA synthesis by an artificial RNA polymerase ribozyme and a simple peptide with only seven amino acid types (especially rich in valine and lysine) can fold into the ancient β-barrel conserved in various enzymes, including the core of cellular RNA polymerases. These findings, together with recent reports from other groups, suggest that simple prebiotic peptides could have supported the ancient RNA-based replication system, gradually folded into RNA-binding proteins, and eventually evolved into complex proteins like RNA polymerase.

Keywords: RNA world; ancient proteins; central dogma; origin of life; peptide.

© 2023 Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists.

Individual RNA remains a challenging signal to synthetically transduce into different types of cellular information. Here, we describe Ribozyme-ENabled Detection of RNA (RENDR), a plug-and-play strategy that uses cellular transcripts to template the assembly of split ribozymes, triggering splicing reactions that generate orthogonal protein outputs. To identify split ribozymes that require templating for splicing, we use laboratory evolution to evaluate the activities of different split variants of the Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme. The best design delivers a 93-fold dynamic range of splicing with RENDR controlling fluorescent protein production in response to an RNA input. We further resolve a thermodynamic model to guide RENDR design, show how input signals can be transduced into diverse outputs, demonstrate portability across different bacteria, and use RENDR to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This work shows how transcriptional signals can be monitored in situ and converted into different types of biochemical information using RNA synthetic biology.

© 2023. The Author(s).

Conflict of interest statement.

An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ribozyme that was highly optimized through in vitro evolution for the ability to copy a broad range of template sequences exhibits promiscuity toward other nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogues, including DNA, threose nucleic acid (TNA), and arabinose nucleic acid (ANA). By operating on various RNA templates, the ribozyme catalyzes multiple successive additions of DNA, TNA, or ANA monomers, although with reduced efficiency compared to RNA monomers. The ribozyme can also copy DNA or TNA templates to complementary RNAs, and to a lesser extent it can operate when both the template and product strands are composed of DNA, TNA, or ANA. These results suggest that polymerase ribozymes, which are thought to have replicated RNA genomes during the early history of life, could have transferred RNA-based genetic information to and from DNA, enabling the emergence of DNA genomes prior to the emergence of proteins. In addition, genetic systems based on nucleic acid-like molecules, which have been proposed as precursors or contemporaries of RNA-based life, could have been operated upon by a promiscuous polymerase ribozyme, thus enabling the evolutionary transition between early genetic systems.

Keywords: RNA world; XNA; origins of life; polymerase; reverse transcriptase; ribozyme.

Genetic information storage and processing rely on just two polymers, DNA and RNA, yet whether their role reflects evolutionary history or fundamental functional constraints is currently unknown. With the use of polymerase evolution and design, we show that genetic information can be stored in and recovered from six alternative genetic polymers based on simple nucleic acid architectures not found in nature [xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs)]. We also select XNA aptamers, which bind their targets with high affinity and specificity, demonstrating that beyond heredity, specific XNAs have the capacity for Darwinian evolution and folding into defined structures. Thus, heredity and evolution, two hallmarks of life, are not limited to DNA and RNA but are likely to be emergent properties of polymers capable of information storage.

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The world’s first artificial womb facility, EctoLife, will be able to grow 30,000 babies a year. It’s based on over 50 years of groundbreaking scientific research conducted by researchers worldwide which we will cover in this video.

💃Want to own a Humanoid Robot: https://bit.ly/3PDgpsn.

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Welcome to the Radical Remission Project, the online community created by NY Times bestselling author Kelly A. Turner, PhD, author of Radical Remission & Radical Hope! We are dedicated to continuing research and creating community for survivors, patients, friends, family, and health professionals.

How does this work for the parent when they have a birth certificate but no baby to show for it, and no record of “disposing” of it?

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (AP) — Safe Haven Baby Boxes and A Safe Haven for Newborns are two charities with similar names and the same goal: providing distressed mothers with a safe place to surrender their unwanted newborns instead of dumping them in trash cans or along roadsides.

But a fight between the two is brewing in the Florida Senate. An existing state law, supported and promoted by the Miami-based A Safe Haven, allows parents to surrender newborns to firefighters and hospital workers without giving their names. A new bill, supported by the Indiana-based Safe Haven Baby Boxes, would give fire stations and hospitals the option to install the group’s ventilated and climate-controlled boxes, where parents could drop off their babies without interacting with fire or hospital employees.

Continue reading “Florida fight over ‘baby boxes’ part of bigger culture war” »